Maintaining the reading frame during translation is central to the accuracy and fidelity of translation. However, many retroviruses, including HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS, take advantage of mRNA slippage and a change in reading frame to generate different proteins from the same message.
In the past, evolutionary studies of species have depended soley on anatomical changes observed in fossil records and on carbon dating. More recently, these studies are being suported by the molecular analysis of the sequence and size of selected genes or whole DNA molecules. Evolutionary altertions of a selected DNA molecule from different species can […]
Polymerase Chain Reaction and Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus
The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify minute quantities of DNA has revolutionized the ability to detect and analyze DNA species. With PCR it is possible to synthesize sufficient DNA for analysis. Conventional methods for detection and identification of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), […]
In patients with malignant hyperthermia, a variety of agents, especially, the widely used general anesthetic halothane, will produce a dramatic rise in body temperature, metabolic and respiratory acidosis, hyperkalemia, and muscle rigidity. This genetic abnormality occurs in about 1 in 15,000 children and 1 in 50,000-100,000 older peoples. It is dominantly inherited. Death may result […]
Cytochrome P450 forms play a major role in estrogen synthesis. During pregnancy, a unique interaction among cytochrome P450 forms in different organs is needed in order to synthesize the large quantities that are required. Hormone production increases dramatically during pregnancy and, at term, the pregnant woman produces 15-20mg of estradiol, 50-100 mg of estriol, and […]
The amount of energy required for any individual varies directly with the degree of activity and environmental conditions, but the rate of energy production in an individual by its over-all cellular metabolism is more or less constant under some standard conditions “basal conditions” and is known as “basal metabolism”.
In worldwide terms nutritional disorders are responsible for much morbidity and mortality. The three main categories of nutritional disorders are under nutrition (which is dominated by insufficient food energy), producing the features of starvation, malnutrition, which is deficiency, of one or more of the essential nutrients; and obesity, which is excessive positive energy balance. Disease […]
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