The incidence of pancreatic carcinoma is increasing tremendously. Increasing evidence suggests that it may result from exposure to chemical carcinogens. Lowest socioeconomic classes and people in urban regions develop more. Individuals of either male or female who smoke one to two packs of cigarette per day have a two to three folds increased risk of […]
In order of increasing frequency, the following are the commonest causes of nipple discharge in the non lactating breast: carcinoma, intraductal papilloma, and mammary dysplasia with ectasia of the ducts. The important characteristics of the discharge and some other factors to be evaluated by history and physical examination are as follows:
This common benign neoplasm occurs most frequently in young women, usually within 20 years after puberty. It is somewhat more frequent and tends to occur at an earlier age in black than in white women. Multiple tumors in one or both breasts are found in 10-15% of patients.
Mammary Dysplasia (Fibrocystic Disease)
Essential of Diagnosis
• Painful, often multiple, usually bilateral masses in the breast.
• Rapid fluctuation in the size of the masses is common.
• Frequently, pain occurs or increases and size increases during premenstrual phase of cycle.
• Most common age is 30-50. Rare in post menopausal women.
Essentials of diagnosis
• Obstructive jaundice (may be painless).
• Enlarged gallbladder (may be painful).
• Upper abdominal pain with radiation to back, weight loss, and thrombophlebitis are usually late manifestations.
Intravesical chemotherapy
Immuno or chemotherapeutic agents can be delivered directly into the bladder by a urethral catheter. They can be used to eradicate existing disease or to reduce the likelihood of recurrence in those who have undergone complete transurethral resection. Such therapy is more effective in the latter situation. Most agents are administered weekly for 6-12 […]
Primary tumors of the kidney
Renal cell carcinoma
Essentials of diagnosis
• Gross or microscopic hematuria
• Flank pain or mass in some patients.
• Systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss may be prominent
• Solid renal mass on imaging
Essentials of diagnosis
• Irritative voiding symptoms.
• Gross or microscopic hematuria.
• Positive urinary cytology in most patients.
• Filling defect within bladder noted on imaging.
Symptoms and signs
Most prostatic cancers are detected in asymptomatic men who are found to have focal nodules or areas of induration within the prostate at the time of digital rectal examination.
Essentials of diagnosis
• Prostatic indurations on digital rectal examination or elevation of PSA.
• Most often asymptomatic.
• Systemic symptoms (weight loss, bone pain) in 20% of patients.
Defects in mismatch repair cause hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) and probably are important in other cancers. This was initially suggested by the finding that some colon tumors showed frequent mutations in microsatellites (short repeating sequences, particularly mono- and dinucleotides), a phenotype called microsatellite instability.
Unexplained weight loss may be a sign of malignancy, and weight loss is common in advanced cancer. Decreased appetite and food intake contribute to but do not entirely account for the weight loss. The weight loss is largely from skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, with relative sparing of c (i.e., liver, kidney, and heart). Although […]
Breast carcinoma is moderately sensitive to multiple antitumor agents and combinations of medicines produce higher response rates and longer durations of response and survival than single-agent therapy. Within the past decade a number of new agents have been developed and proved effective in the treatment of breast cancer. The most prominent are the taxanes, including […]
Cancer is defined as the excessive division of cells. It is recognized pathologically by a higher fraction of cells actively in the cell cycle than is expected for the normal tissue from which it arose. This includes a higher fraction of cells in mitosis, recognizable by microscopy, and a higher fraction of cells in S-phase.
Cancer occurs in the pharynx or any part of the neck area knows as oral cancer. The oral cancer is more dangerous than breast cancer, skin cancer and lung cancer. Smoking and taking alcohol are the major causes of oral cancer. Oral cancer is mostly diagnosed above the age 60. Oral cancer is seen mostly […]
The cancer is the second largest killer disease in the worldwide. The incidence of cancer increases as age advance. Above 60 ages more than 70 percent of the new cases occurring. Chemicals carcinogens cause about 80 percent of the human cancers. Children’s and elderly people is affected by cancer in the developing countries and population […]
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